Alyssa Gast

 | вилла лимассол | виллы с яхтой | дома на кипре | недвижимость на кипре -элитный | вилла на кипре | Website Link Building Services | UK Online Shopping | Property Rentals in Cyprus | Auto Loans | Debt Consolidation Loan | Apartments For Sale | Apartments For Sale | недвижимости на Кипре | Недвижимость в Лимассоле |
квартиры на кипре | Недвижимость Кипра | недвижимость кипр | кипр недвижимость | недвижимость на Кипре | недвижимости Кипра | Website Link Building Services |

Property Developers Paralimni Cyprus

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Most of us who work in some aspect of philosophy have had the experience of trying to explain to someone that philosophy is not psychology. To those members of the philosophical set, the distinction may seem obvious, but any attempt to spell it out requires some careful thought and reflection, which is what I attempt to do in this exercise.

Is Psychology a sibling of Philosophy? Surely in the past they were close siblings, members of the same family, philosophy. Today the relationship between the two is more problematic. Does work in philosophy have any relation to the student’s psychological state? The answer also is not a clear-cut one. Philosophy can help a person psychologically, but this is not central to the function of philosophy.

Some History:

Historically in Western Philosophy, Psychology was part of philosophy until the 19th century when it became a separate science. In the 17th and 18th centuries, many Western philosophers did pioneering work in areas that later came to be known as “psychology.” Eventually psychological inquiry and research became separate sciences some of which could be characterized as the study and research into the mind. In short, psychology became identified as the science of mind insofar as its function is to analyze and explain mental processes: our thoughts, experiences, sensations, feelings, perceptions, imaginations, creativity, dreams and so on. It is mostly an empirical and experimental science; although the field of psychology does include the more theoretical Freudian psychology and the more speculative Jungian psychology.

When we study Western Philosophy, we find a concentrated effort to maintain a distinction between philosophical and psychological considerations. But these have not always been kept separate. Even today some areas of philosophy remain intermixed with psychological considerations. It may be that some forms of philosophy can never break away completely from psychological issues.

.

Traditionally, philosophers in the Western tradition did not always observe a wall of separation between philosophy and psychology. For example, Baruch Spinoza’s great work, Ethics, includes many observations and insights about our reasoning processes and emotions. The early works in Epistemology (theory of knowledge) by such thinkers as Rene Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant include a great deal of observations and statements about mental processes connected with knowing and belief. In other words, these writings tend to mix psychological statements (process of knowing) with conceptual philosophy.

But there are differences between psychology and philosophy which are significant and should be observed in careful writing in either area. In our critiques of these 17th and 18th works in epistemology, we try to separate the philosophical theme (logic, conceptual and propositional evaluation) from the psychological aspect (causes of belief, mental process underlying perception). Scientific work that seeks to understand and explain the workings of the brain and the neurological processes which underlie thought and experience (viz., psychology) is different from philosophical inquiry into mind, consciousness, knowledge and experiences. Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, takes great pains to keep his philosophy separate from empirical psychology. But it is not clear that his analysis (or other analyses) of the phenomenology of different experiences remains something clearly distinct from psychology.

But in large part the problem remains, especially in such areas of philosophy of mind, of keeping philosophical work free of psychology altogether. Moreover, we should not assume that in all cases these must be kept separate, as some work in philosophy surely requires consideration of the psychological sciences.

Even today the student will likely be surprised by the number of psychological insights that Spinoza offers in this great work, Ethics, back in the 17th century and similar psychological observations by Friedrich Nietzsche in the 19th century. William James, the great American pragmatist, includes much psychology in his philosophy. He has much to say about the stream of consciousness and special experiences, such as religious experiences.

Current Concerns:

Philosophy of mind: There is a sense in which the mind is a psychological construct; there’s another sense in which it is not. “My mind is such and such” can be restated as “my thinking is such and such.” Sometimes it is the psychology behind my thinking that is the issue; but other times we’re interested in what could be called the conceptual-propositional issues; and still other times we might be more interested in the literary-artistic expression of ideas, values, and perspectives. (In this latter connection, see Walter Kaufmann’s book, Discovering The Mind.)

In Epistemology we’re concerned with the concept of knowledge; but our primary interest is not one of describing the psychology of knowing. Our interest is not in the process by which we come to know something, but in the clarification of concepts associated with knowledge and belief; and in the logic of propositions related to knowledge. Included among the philosophers who engage in the philosophy of knowledge are Bertrand Russell, D.W. Hamlyn, and Richard Rorty.

In the area of academic philosophy, besides the large field of epistemology, we have philosophy of mind, theory of consciousness, philosophy of language, Cartesian Idealism, and the free will issue. Ordinarily these are not seen as forms of psychological inquiry. They are more directed to conceptual and propositional issues. Included among the philosophers who engage in work on knowledge, language, and mind in this vein are Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gilbert Ryle, D.W. Hamlyn, John Austin, and Daniel Dennett

But psychology is very much a part of those philosophical studies of special experience, such as the religious experience, the mystical experience, and even moral experience. A good representative of this approach is the great American pragmatist, William James. Much of his work in philosophy does not stray too far from his psychological interests.

Some aspects of philosophy are concerned with the nature of human thought. This interest is distinct from psychological study, description and theory. But to be adequate and credible it needs to take into account the work of psychologists and the cognitive scientists. The subject of human thought is a big topic which can be approached from different directions. One of these is philosophy; another is psychology and the cognitive sciences. Still others are literary art, the fine arts, and history.

Suppose I ask about Spinoza’s thought with regard to moral obligation; how does he defend the thesis that morality and rationality are closely intertwined? As a student of philosophy, my interests could be strictly philosophical interests. I want to know how he develops and defends his philosophical thesis. On the other hand, I could be curious about the causes of Spinoza’s thinking; or maybe interested in possible motives that he might have had for adopting his particular philosophy. What events in his childhood or family life led him to embrace the values of rationality and the ideals of the geometric method? In this latter case, I would be proceeding as an amateur, folk psychologist.

There are different ways of trying to understand the thought of a person, e.g. a writer or a philosopher. We take one way when we ask about the causes and motivations behind the person’s ideas; i.e., we ask about the psychological ‘workings.’ Another way is to do philosophical criticism and evaluation of the person’s ideas. But the two (psychology and philosophy) can be combined in a single study.

Philosophy and the psychological well-being of the individual:

Another way of considering the interaction of psychology and philosophy is at the personal level. Do a person’s meditation on philosophical questions bring about (or bring closer) some degree of psychic harmony? To the extent that philosophical work and thought contribute to a person’s sense of well-being and fulfillment, one could argue that philosophy is a form of therapy. Is there a sense in which philosophy can be therapeutic?

If the unexamined life is not worth living (Socrates), then it may follow that the examined life (the “philosophical life”) is worth living. This could be seen as suggesting that philosophical thought results in a form of personal fulfillment and good psychological health.

Contrary to this we have the view (mostly the prevailing view) that philosophy is an intellectual discipline which has little or nothing to do with anyone’s striving to achieve some form of personal, psychic fulfillment. Add to this the fact that most people who work in philosophy (e.g. academic philosophers or professors of philosophy) are not especially noteworthy for lives of psychic well-being. In this regard, think of people like Blaise Pascal, S. Kierkegaard, F. Nietzsche and Ludwig Wittgenstein. How psychologically healthy and well balanced were they? They were emotionally and mentally tormented, and won’t be mentioned much as models of psychic calm and well-being. Moreover, some philosophers are driven to engage in philosophy, much like artists, poets, and composers are driven to do their creative work. Here we have a form of psychological compulsion that does not seem to be a form of therapy. In fact, some people even refer to philosophy as a type of disease.

Closing Thoughts:

The student of philosophy usually is not a psychologist, but nothing says that the student cannot proceed as a psychologist of sorts. I imagine situations in we attempt to get clear about our thoughts and values; and attempt to be honest about our motivations for all that we do. People used to say back in the 1960s era: I’m just trying to get my “head straight.”

Suppose that a psychologist can tell me about the causes, the mental processes, and hidden motives that underlie my thinking and behavior. He might say that in order to truly understand what I am about I must have some understanding of these “psychological” things; i.e., I must acknowledge and expose them. If I were to accept his advice and try to do those things, would I be acting in accordance with the Socratic maxim to “know thyself”?

The professional is concerned with empirical, descriptive psychology and with research into neurological and psychological processes. But we, the amateurs, are primarily indulging a form of folk psychology: Trying to say what I think about my own thinking. Or trying to deal better with my psychic life. Sometimes I apply this ‘folk psychology’ to myself (I try to figure out what I’m about) or to others (I try to understand their motives for saying such and such or doing so and so.)

On a more practical level, we can imagine someone asking: “What do I really want in life? How do I get there?” Can philosophy help us here? Maybe not, but then again think of two of our great figures in Western Philosophy, Socrates and Spinoza. They are often cited as models of psychological harmony and wisdom. Ultimately, aren’t we all psychologists to some degree, even those of us who flounder about in philosophy? Yes, we are to some degree ‘psychologists’ insofar as we are awake, alert, conscientious, and honestly engage in self-examination. This does not need to be kept separate from our work in philosophy.

Dr. Juan Bernal PhD is a retired mainframe programmer with degrees in philosophy and Spanish literature.

Juan is the a managing blogger & author at PhilosophyLounge.com which covers various topics from western philosophy, religion, and history. PhilosophyLounge.com is a place were people can interact, debate, and contribute to the topics that interest them pertaining to philosophy.

Take some time and visit the blog for more exciting articles.

http://kafeinsiz.org/myerscoughdonovan/ http://warlabrecords.com/blog/alphonsoportsche/ http://kellibeene.wi.ru/

продаже недвижимости на Кипре | купить недвижимость на Кипре | Villas in Cyprus | Cyprus Legal Consultants | Law Firms Cyprus | дома на кипре | недвижимость на кипре -элитный | Cyprus Property | Cyprus Villas | виллы на кипре | Cyprus Property | Link Building Services | Property in Cyprus

 | кипр недвижимость | недвижимость на море | недвижимость на кипре в Лимассоле | недвижимость на побережье | недвижимости на Кипре | продажа недвижимости за рубежом |
цены недвижимости на Кипре | элитная недвижимость на Кипре | кипр недвижимость цены | цены недвижимости на Кипре | апартаменты на кипре | недвижимость кипра цены |

Property Developers Paralimni Cyprus | Paralimni Property Developers | Developers in Paralimni Cyprus | Paralimni Developers | Karayiannas Karayiannas | Karayiannas | Karayiannas  | Karayiannas | Karayiannas | Karayiannas | Properties For Sale in Cyprus | Karayiannas | Karayiannas | Karayiannas | Karayiannas | Website Link Building Services | Cyprus Hotels |

Certificate: www.fdu.edu/personalfinance This presentation discusses the basics of personal finance and planning, for the short and long term. The talk is given by Marnie Aznar, Marnie B. Aznar, MBA, CFP®, NAPFA – Registered Financial Advisor, Aznar Financial Advisors, LLC

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDWnmocgS2A&hl=en

http://irishaddix.livejournal.name/ http://zaffutorocco.baywords.com/ http://www.insanepolitics.com/rougoisskeleton/

Image : http://www.flickr.com

So now that you know a little more about what should actually go in your notebook, you might have some questions about how to actually create your notebook. Often people ask me “how do I make a notebook?” or “what should my notebook look like?” The great part about your poetry notebook is that it is yours and you can do anything you want with it. You can make it out of any type of paper you want and with any type of cover you want.

Some people like to you spiral notebooks. These are easy and cheap and you can write on the covers or even decorate the cover if you want. Some people like to use loose-leaf paper and binders. The plus side to using this is that you can make different categories and you can keep the poems inside more organized. You might separate according to poem type, author, etc.

Some people decide to use fancy notebooks and journals for their poetry and this is okay as well. But remember not to get anything that you are not going to feel comfortable writing in or that is “too nice” to write your poems in. You want to feel comfortable to be able to write freely in your poetry notebook. You might decide that you want to decorate your notebook, draw or paste pictures or stickers in it or in some other way spruce it up to your liking. This is of course, all up to you. But the more comfortable you feel with your notebook, the more you will want to use it.

I went through several notebooks and types of notebooks over the years to find a good method that works for me. I tried the things mentioned above. I even used construction paper to design a cover that fit my mood at the time. Sometimes I used binders with cover slots in the front of them. Sometimes I typed and printed my poems but most of the time I wrote them out by hand.

The way that you put your poems on paper doesn’t really matter as much as what you do with them once they are on there. You can make notes, use highlighters, different colored pens and more all to mark notes in your poems.

Lisa Mason is a freelance writer with a specialty in Internet content and SEO articles and the author of How to Earn a Living Writing for the Internet as well as two poetry anthologies and a how-to poetry book. She has written thousands of articles, hundreds of ebooks and thousands of website pages and related content.

Professional wordsmith for hire: gamer, wife, mother, entrepreneur, published poet, co-owner of game guides company (http://www.liti4.com), public speaker and Internet business consultant. You can learn more or follow Lisa’s blog from her website: http://www.freelancewriter4hire.com

http://www.fashionbiz.co.id/microsite/eichelbergerviolet/ http://hopeskiles.feeddee.com/ http://teferacarmelo.iblogcenter.com/

Check Best Price for Vogels VFW426

Where to buy Vogels VFW426 Wandhalter für LCD-Fernseher

PRICE : EUR 114,98

OFFER PRICE : CHECK PRICE

Best Vogels VFW426 Wandhalter für LCD-Fernseher Reviews Original VFW 426 – Befestigungskit ( dreh- und neigbare Wandhalterung ) für Flat Panel – Silber, Aluminium
Read More…

Dec 07, 2010 06:28:12

List price : $15.98
Offer Price : CHECK BEST PRICE.

Cheap Ys One of the year’s most amazing and original masterpiecesIt is the rare album that invites virtually no comparisons with any work that has preceded it, just as Joanna Newsom fills an utterly unique musical niche. By training a classical harpist, most of her collaborations have been with alt-rock figures. Many classify her as a folk performer, but she generally eschews the folk scene to direct her music at indie rockers. For instance, she has been a member of two different alt-rock bands, while YS was recorded by indie rock uber producer Steve Albini, though the strings were arranged by multi-faceted genius Van Dyke Parks and produced by composer Jim O’Rourke. The latter three names alone should … read more.

Guaranteed Lowest Price SurvivalKitsOnline BKit23

Where to buy Deluxe 2-Person by SurvivalKitsOnline Perfect Survival Kit for Emergency Disaster Preparedness for Earthquake, Hurricane, Fire, Evacuations, Auto, Home and Family

PRICE : $140.00

OFFER PRICE : CHECK PRICE

Where to buy SurvivalKitsOnline at Best Price Cheap Best Deal Deluxe 2-Person by SurvivalKitsOnline Perfect Survival Kit for Emergency Disaster Preparedness for Earthquake, Hurricane, Fire, Evacuations, Auto, Home and Family Online and BKit23 Lowest Price and Reviews This Kit is sold EXCLUSIVELY by SurvivalKitsOnline. All items are packed securely by Survival Kits Online in a Deluxe Hikers Backpack which contains extra space available for your personal items.

The kit includes the following:

Food and Water:

24 – Pouches of Datrex Water Made in the USA- twice the amount of water as most suppliers and each Pouch has a 5 year shelf-life
24 – 200 Calorie Datrex Food Bars – 5 year shelf-life Made in the USA
20 – Water Purification Tablets – each tablet purifies 1 liter of water Light and Communication:
Am/Fm Radio with Headphones and Batteries
Rechargeable Squeeze Flashlight – contains lithium batteries which last up to 30 hours and also is able to generate power through squeezing
5-in-1 Survival Whistle – compass, signal mirror, flint starter, waterproof container,lanyard and shrill whistle
2 Green Emergency Glow sticks that last for 12 hours
Box of 50 Waterproof Matches

Shelter and Warmth:
Emergency Survival Sleeping Bag – Made exclusively for SurvivalKitsOnline Recommended over “space blankets”
2 – 16 Hour Body Warmer
1 – 2 Person Tube Tent with Rope Made in the USA
2 – Emergency Poncho with Hood Made Exclusively For Survivalkitsonline
Tools:
16 Function Knife
Leather Palm Working Gloves
2 – N95 Respirator Dust Mask
50 feet of nylon rope
Hygiene and Sanitation:
2 – Hygiene Kit – Includes soap, toothbrush, toothpaste, and 9 antibacterial wet wipes
4 – Pocket Tissue Packs
First Aid:
Comprehensive First-Aid Kit good for all types of first-aid emergencies.
CLICK HERE FOR MORE INFORMATION

Offer Price : CHECK BEST PRICE.

Limited supply The 99 Most Essential Christmas Masterpieces (Amazon Exclusive) A nice mix of Christmas and sacred classics plus orchestrated carolsThis is a fine collection — some of it genuine classical music written in celebration of the holiday, some of it traditional and popular Christmas music arranged for orchestras, choirs and the like. There are also a number of tracks that really had nothing to do with Christmas originally, but still manage to stake a claim to the Christmas theme. These are mainly selections from sacred works whose lyrics, often in Latin, refer to the birth of Jesus Christ in various ways — such as Mozart’s “Ave Verum Corpus”, César Franck’s “Panis Angelicus”, and many others featured here. Finally, a few tracks have no claim on Christmas at all … read more.

List price : $225.00
Offer Price : CHECK BEST PRICE.

Top Quality 10k White or Yellow Gold Sapphire and Diamond Ring sweet little ringthis is a very dainty little ring. the stones are very small, which i guess shouldn’t have suprised me at this price. i bought it to wear stacked next to my wedding ring when i don’t want to wear my engagement ring. i am returning it because it sits up to high next to my wedding band and ultimately i think i want a little bit more bling. does have a nice shine considering how small the stones are. read more.

Offer Price : CHECK BEST PRICE.

Don’t miss Nikon Coolpix L22 12.0MP Digital Camera with 3.6x Optical Zoom and 3.0-Inch LCD (Silver) Fantastic CameraThis is a fantastic camera. The macro feature is the reason I got this camera and it’s great for taking pictures of my aquarium. The sports mode works great for capturing fish. It’s super easy to use.The only con is that there are many possible settings and most of them are pretty specific. If you get the wrong setting, then pictures will look odd (strange colors or incorrect focus). However, these were very specific situations (like the aquarium) and once I figured out which setting to use, it works great. read more.

Check Best Price for Samsung LE32C650L1WXZG_CPFR

Where to buy Samsung LE32C650 81,3 cm (32 Zoll) LCD-Fernseher (Full-HD, 100Hz, DVB-T/-C) schwarz

PRICE : EUR 752,98

OFFER PRICE : CHECK PRICE

Best Samsung LE32C650 81,3 cm (32 Zoll) LCD-Fernseher (Full-HD, 100Hz, DVB-T/-C) schwarz Reviews 81cm(32″) Samsung LE-32C650L1WXZG
Read More…

Dec 03, 2010 09:45:39