Johnathan Schmitmeyer

Archive for the ‘Piroxicam’ Category

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Piroxicam – A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References : In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: “The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading.” Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing.This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to conduct medical research using the most advanced tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so.
Piroxicam – A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Vomiting in dogs is a very common occurrence and can arise from a wide variety of causes, from simple gastritis to complex diseases of other body systems. Not only is it very distressing for both the dog and owner, it also provides a challenge for the veterinarian. This article explains the multiple causes of vomiting in dogs, including adverse food reactions, and the range of treatment options available.

What is vomiting?

Vomiting is the expulsion of food, fluid or debris from the stomach or small intestine due to coordinated movements of the gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. It is important to differentiate this from regurgitation, which is a passive process rather than a coordinated effort like vomiting.

Regurgitation is a sign of disease in the esophagus, such as obstructions (foreign bodies such as a stick, bone or toy, or a stricture), esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) or megaesophagus (dilatation of the esophagus due to weakening of the smooth muscle). The main difference between regurgitation and vomiting is that regurgitation is effortless, while vomiting is accompanied by strong abdominal contractions.

How can I tell vomiting and regurgitation apart?

Sometimes this is not easy to do. Generally speaking, if it happens immediately after eating it is more likely to be regurgitation (though vomiting can still occur then). If the content of the material expelled appears to be completely undigested food, this also supports regurgitation. If the presence of bile can be confirmed though, it is more likely to be vomiting.

Causes of vomiting

The most common causes of vomiting are dietary related, either through dietary indiscretion (e.g. overeating, eating overly rich or spoiled food) which causes acute (sudden) vomiting, or adverse food reactions (food allergies) which can cause chronic (long term and intermittent) vomiting.

However, there are a huge number of other causes arising from either the gastrointestinal system itself (stomach and small intestine) or secondary to disease elsewhere in the body (e.g. liver or kidney disease). Within the stomach, possible causes include:

1. Gastritis (inflammatory disease)

2. Stomach ulceration

3. Stomach cancer

4. Obstruction (foreign bodies, telescoping of intestine)

5. Hiatal hernia (part stomach herniating through the diaphragm)

Possible causes within the intestine include:

1. Infectious diseases (e.g. parvovirus)

2. Worms

3. Inflammatory bowel disease

4. Intestinal cancer

Secondary causes of vomiting that are due to disease elsewhere in the body include:

1. Pancreatitis (infection or inflammation of the pancreas)

2. Peritonitis (infection in the abdominal cavity)

3. Hepatitis (liver inflammation)

4. Kidney failure

5. Pyometra (infection of the uterus)

6. Hormonal deficiencies or excesses (e.g. Addisons disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Septicemia, Calcium imbalance)

Other potential causes that do not fit into the above categories are drug reactions (e.g. digoxin, chemotherapy drugs, NSAIDs) and neurological disorders.

Treatment of vomiting

Vomiting is a symptom, not a disease in itself. Whether or not treatment is appropriate depends upon the individual circumstances. If the dog is only vomiting occasionally, is bright and otherwise normal on examination, treatment is probably not necessary. Some dogs with sensitive digestive systems will vomit once or twice a month regardless of any treatment, and if they are otherwise well this should be ignored.

For acute vomiting cases, the first step should always be to starve the dog for 24 hours (while keeping plenty of water available ad lib). After the period of starvation, the dog should be offered small portions of a very bland food, such as chicken and boiled rice, for a few days. Meals should be fed as smaller portions several times a day, rather than one larger meal.

Though treating the symptom itself will often improve patient demeanor and comfort, it is no replacement for making a correct diagnosis of the underlying cause, and certain drugs can be harmful if given blindly (for example, giving metoclopromide to a dog with a gastric or intestinal obstruction). Certainly cases of acute and severe vomiting require immediate treatment, as dogs can become rapidly dehydrated, develop electrolyte imbalances and aspiration pneumonia otherwise.

Managing the vomiting dog

There are 2 goals when dealing with a vomiting dog:

1. Identify the underlying cause

2. Stop the vomiting in a safe and effective manner

In many cases, anti emetic therapy (the technical term for vomiting is emesis, and therefore drugs used to treat it are called anti emetics) is instigated immediately while the cause is being established.

A veterinarian will start by taking a full history, focusing especially on normal diet, recent medication, vaccination status and the description of the symptoms. He or she must first make sure that the dog is genuinely vomiting and not regurgitating, which has a completely different set of underlying causes. It is also important to get a graphic description of the material expelled, and whether it contained bile, fresh blood or what appears to be coffee granules (partly digested blood).

The next step is a full clinical examination, including carefully feeling the abdomen, taking the dogs rectal temperature and assessing the hydration status. Once this is completed, a veterinarian will have a slightly narrowed down list of differential diagnoses in mind. If the dog is not dehydrated, bright in demeanor, and both vital parameters and feeling the abdomen were normal, the veterinarian will often (and rightly so) make a presumptive diagnosis of gastritis, or gastroenteritis if diarrhea is present too, and prescribe antibiotics to combat the likely bacterial infection. The owner is then likely to be sent home with instructions to starve the dog for 24hrs and give bland food for a few days, alongside the antibiotics. The owner is instructed to monitor the dog closely, and return immediately if there are any signs of deterioration, or 2 to 3 days later for a routine check up.

If there are any findings in the clinical history or the physical examination that trigger concern, then further tests are necessary. The first of these is usually blood tests for hematology and biochemistry profiles. Urine and feces may also be analysed, the latter for either nasty bacteria or parasites. Additional laboratory tests may be required in certain circumstances, such as bile acid stimulation testing if liver dysfunction is suspected, or an ACTH stimulation test to look for adrenal disease.

The next stage of the work up involves imaging. The most useful is abdominal radiography (xrays), but ultrasonography and endoscopy can also be very important. Radiography and endoscopy both have to be carried out under general anesthesia, while ultrasonography can be performed conscious. If the imaging does not reveal the underlying cause then biopsies may be taken, either endoscopically guided or via exploratory surgery. Histopathology of these samples (studying the tissue microscopically) can give vital clues as to the cause, particularly by differentiating between inflammation and cancer.

The final diagnostic option is the therapeutic trial. If the dog gets better on the medication prescribed, then it must have been a certain type of disease that responds to that drug. By this rationale, wormers, antibiotics or an exclusion diet trial may be chosen.

Drugs used in the treatment of vomiting

1. Stomach protectants and antacids

These medications are useful when stomach ulceration is suspected. Examples include sucralfate (acts like a band aid over the ulcer), H2 antagonists (reduce acid production) and omeprazole (also reduces acidity).

2. Metoclopromide

This drug blocks a neurotransmitter in the brain called dopamine, which prevents activation of the vomiting centre in the brain (known as the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone). It is only partially effective in doing this though, and has the additional effect of increasing forward motility of the gut. This means it must never be given to dogs that might have a stomach or intestinal obstruction. It can also cause mental changes such as hyperactivity and disorientation.

3. Phenothiazines (e.g. Acepromazine, ACP)

These are effective at blocking the dopamine receptors mentioned above, in addition to other receptors involved in the vomiting reflex. They are usually used when metoclopromide has failed, but also have undesirable side effects such as low blood pressure and sedation.

4. Antihistamines

Histamine receptors are also present in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone, the part of the brain that controls the vomiting reflex. Antihistamines are effective in blocking vomiting that is due to motion sickness, but are little use against other causes.

5. Domperidone

Domperidone has a similar action to metoclopromide in that it blocks dopamine receptors and secondarily blocks serotonin receptors, but it does not have the promotility effects of metoclopromide. However, side effects include vulval enlargement and possible effects on fertility.

6. Maropitant

This is a new drug that is a Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. It can be given orally or by injection, and is extremely effective at stopping vomiting by working both on the vomiting centre in the brain and on the stomach itself. It is deemed so effective at stopping vomiting that veterinarians must be careful to properly investigate potentially dangerous underlying causes, that could be masked fatally by this drug.

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When it comes to your companion dog or cat, information about the causes, prevention and treatment of arthritis is vital. Arthritis is a common degenerative joint problem, and joint stiffness will affect many of our dogs and cats as they enter their senior years. There are no miracle cures, but much can be done to prevent and avoid damaging effects.

25-30% of our canine and feline family members will show the effects of osteoarthritis.

You may first notice the appearance of stiffness when your dog or cat rises from a sitting or lying position, or from squatting to eliminate. They may hesitate to get up onto a favorite chair, or exhibit slowness in climbing stairs. Whimpering, growling or snapping when touched, loss of appetite, lagging behind or tiring easily during walks, limping after strenuous exercise – all are signs of discomfort or painful joints.

The positive news is there are steps that can be taken to help avoid and successfully treat cartilage and joint disorders.

Osteoarthritis in dogs and cats is caused by the deterioration of the cartilage surrounding the joint and progresses slowly over a long period of time. Eventually, the deterioration leads to a condition where the bones that connect for joint movement begin to rub against each other, causing pain and discomfort. These conditions can be brought on by an earlier injury or genetic disease such as hip dysphasia, more common in the large dog breeds. There are various ways to treat arthritic and stiff joint conditions, and the associated soreness, in our dogs and cats.

NSAIDs provide pain relief but do not help repair damaged tissue or prevent further deterioration.

One solution is NSAIDs, which stands for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as Rimadyl (active ingredient carprofen), Deramaxx (active ingredient deracoxib), and EctoGesic (active ingredient etodolac). Feldene (active ingredient piroxicam) is also prescribed to control pain for dogs with cancer. Currently there are no approved NSAIDs for cats in the United States and any NSAID use for cats must be carefully done under a veterinarian’s supervision. In 1998, Rimadyl headed the list of drugs reported to cause adverse reaction in dogs — 43.4% of all adverse drug reactions were due to Rimadyl. The most common adverse effects are stomach ulcers, and kidney, liver, and blood disorders. While NSAIDs can be safely used for short-term pain relief in most pets, their use should be reserved until all other preferred natural and safer options for long-term relief have been exhausted and the pet is showing signs of suffering.

A high quality glucosamine/chrondroitin sulfate supplement is a good defense and treatment for arthritis in dogs and cats.

Glucosamine/chrondroitin sulfate stimulates the production of important proteins found in cartilage and proteoglycans, which are the water-holding molecules that cartilage is comprised of; helps reduce pain; and, over time, rehabilitates damaged cartilage. A typical daily dose would be at least 1000 mg per 50 pounds of body weight. Preventing joint deterioration is a preferable course of action to take to ease the effect of aging, so start your pet on glucosamine before 8 years for larger breeds and before 10 for smaller breeds, before symptoms are present. You will possibly avoid a great deal of discomfort before it begins.

MSM (methysulfonylmethane): Another supplement to maintain healthy connective tissue that is a naturally occurring sulfur compound found in the cells of the body. It helps prevent arthritis in dogs and cats and can assist in reducing inflammation and swelling that accompany arthritis, disease and injuries.

Diet is a very important factor: A high quality diet is the foundation for good health and avoiding many diseases, including arthritis, for your dog or cat. If you are uncomfortable with a raw food diet, consider a combination of home-prepared cooked food, very high quality canned or dehydrated food, and very high quality kibble. If your pet has any environmental or food allergies, these must be addressed since they contribute to the degenerative conditions you are trying to prevent.

Weight control: An overweight dog or cat will accelerate the arthritic disease process and symptoms. Gentle exercise is helpful for any pet; swimming, if possible, is ideal.

Digestive enzymes and probiotics: Essential in aiding digestion and nutrient assimilation. They help avoid inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, allergies and degenerative conditions by maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal system in our dogs and cats. Digestive enzymes and probiotics are beneficial for all pets.

Essential fatty acid supplements: Preferably with fish oil will help reduce inflammation, and aid in the treatment of joint problems and allergies.

High potency antioxidants: Inflammation of arthritic joints contributes to the oxidation activity of free radicals that are damaging to the cells of the body and can increase the risk of cancer.

Acupuncture: Dramatic improvement is possible for arthritic dogs and cats with regular treatments.

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Do you suffer from ulcers?

If yes, what kind is it and how do you cope?

In American society where most people depend on junk food, ulcers can become a familiar and persistent health problem.

Some of these foods contain additives and chemicals that can become toxic in our bodies and so cause various health ailments including ulcers.

It is not surprising that most people depend on junk food.

Most people must have two or more jobs in order to survive.

So, they hardly have time to cook. They have no choice but to eat fast and junk foods most of the time.

One type of ulcer that some people suffer from is peptic ulcer.

Peptic ulcers, which are in the stomach and the duodenum (the first part of the intestine leading from the stomach) can occur at any age and affect both men and women.

Untreated, sufferers can look forward to a long siege with them. But today’s peptic ulcer sufferers have a brighter prospect for relief than did those of even a single generation ago.

There is now less than 1 chance in 18 that surgery will every be necessary and new medications act faster and better and offer more relief than ever before.

The warning sign of active ulcers you will most likely experience (if you get any warning at all) is a gnawing discomfort in the middle or upper abdomen that typically comes between meals or in the middle of the night.

Food or liquids, including antacids and milk, can provide some temporary relief, but milk might not be all that good a remedy since it stimulates production of hydrochloric acid and other digestive juices which further aggravates the pain.

Antacids blended from aluminum, calcium or magnesium salts, have long been the non prescription drugs most people quickly reach for to get relief from their stomach pains.

But, because antacids interfere with absorption of some medications, be sure to go over this with your doctor and get his approval.

You should never ignore any warning signs of ulcers. Ulcer complications are serious and in some cases can be life-threatening.

If paid from ulcers persists after more than 10 to 14 days of self-treatment or comes back when treatment ends, you should see your doctor.

The passing of blood through the bowels may be caused by some other problem, but it can also be an urgent warning of a bleeding ulcer.

Bleeding ulcers can cause anemia or, if the ulcer gets larger it may expand into a major blood vessel, a leak can turn into a hemorrhage, with only minutes available for life saving emergency treatment.

Ulcers can also perforate and may erode completely through the wall of the stomach or duodenum.

If this happens and the stomach’s contents flow into the abdominal cavity, severe infection can result. A perforated ulcer is an emergency that requires immediate surgery.

It has been determined that smoking doubles a person’s risk for ulcer disease.

Physicians and researches have found that ulcers heal a lot slower for smokers, and smokers also have a higher relapse rate.

And you’re definitely at risk for ulcers if you take aspirin and any of the other products containing aspirin.

High-dose Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Maproxen and Piroxicam are in wide use today for many conditions, especially to relive pain and swelling among the millions of people who have arthritis.

These medications can irritate the stomach’s lining and cause gastrointestinal bleeding.

Ulcers have frequently been the target for humor in describing the stereotypical aggressive, pressured, goal-or-career-oriented person.

But for those who have them, ulcers are certainly no laughing matter. Peptic ulcers strike 1 out of ever 50 Americans each year.

As research continues, there is now mounting evidence that something other than smoking, drinking, spicy meals, or a possible battle with the boss may be associated with ulcers.

It is now believed that ulcers are the result of a combination of conditions, the dynamics of which researchers don’t yet fully understand.

Hopefully, these health information and insights about ulcers will help you to cope with them and enable you suffer less.

Warmly,

I-key Benney, CEO

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Feldene is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Feldene alternative name is Piroxicam. Feldene drug that are not approved professional labeling for the drug but that may be prescribed by your health care professional. It is works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body and reduce the pain, inflammation, and stiffness caused by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It is is used to relieve the inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain. Most important fact about Feldene is few patients on long-term therapy, Feldene can cause stomach ulcers and bleeding. Use this drug for a condition that is listed in this section only if it has been so prescribed by your health care professional. This medication may also be used to treat other conditions including gouty arthritis, arthritis of the spine, and muscle injuries.

Feldene can also cause liver damage. Feldene has been known to damage the kidneys. Drugs such as Feldene may cause eye disturbances in some people. Feldene must not be utilised to treat pains prior to or after a CABG surgery (Coronary Artery Heart Bypass). Feldene should be taken with or after food and avoid stomach upset. The usual maximum daily dose is 20 mg. In the case of menstrual cramps, an initial dose of 40 mg is sometimes taken followed by daily doses of 20 mg for three to four days. Piroxicam suppositories are also an alternative. Many things can affect the dose of medication that a person needs, such as body weight, other medical conditions, and other medications. Feldene and other NSAIDs work by inhibiting the action of certain hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. These hormones are called prostaglandins.

Uses of Feldene Medication

Feldene Medication take Feldene with food or an antacid with a full glass of water. Take this medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor.Never take it on an empty stomach.if you take Feldene Avoid alcohol and aspirin and If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember and never take two doses at the same time. Feldene Medication Store at room temperature. Protect from light and heat.

Side Effects of Feldene Medication

Feldene common many side effects may include is abdominal pain or discomfort, anemia, constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, fluid retention, gas and vomiting. This drug may rarely cause serious (possibly fatal) liver disease. Others common or rare side effects may include is angioedema (swelling of lips, face, tongue and throat), anxiety, asthma, belching, black stools, blood in the urine, blurred vision, bruising, colicky pain, coma and confusion.

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Chronic pain is defined as pain that lasts for more than six months at a stretch and there is nothing more debilitating than chronic pain. Chronic pain affects millions of people the world over. It can affect an individual at any time in life and in most cases it often long outlives the actual cause of pain. In the long run chronic pain is destructive to the body. Over time not only does the pain worsen but also unleashes a cascade of hormones like Cortisol which in turn destroys the immune systems and kidneys.

Most people with chronic pain inevitably resort to a gamut of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) like Ibuprofen, Aspirin, Piroxicam amongst others. These drugs have been implicated in causing serious gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers, liver dysfunction and renal failure when taken for long duration (unfortunately most people with chronic pain do take them for long periods). The newer agents called as COX-II Inhibitors (Celecoxib, Rofecoxib, Valdecoxib) are marginally better in their gastrointestinal safety profile but have come under flak with some of them having been withdrawn from the markets due to serious cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Thus the answer to chronic pain? Nothing safe though several are effective.

Chronic pain is very closely linked to depression because both conditions share the same neuronal circuits in the brain. Serotonin and Endorphins that regulate a healthy brain functioning also regulate depression. Chronic pain results in depletion of Serotonin from the neuronal cells leading to an aggravation of depression. In fact many physicians treat chronic pain with the same drugs used to treat depression. Chronic pain sufferers respond with increased pain to stressful stimuli.

Some common causes of Chronic Pain include: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, Fibromyalgia, Neuralgia, stiff joints, tendonitis, neck pains, low back pains, muscle and joint pains, carpal tunnel syndrome, shingles and pinched nerves and sprains. Cancer pain can be chronic but responds significantly only to Morphine-like drugs.

The pharmaceutical cupboard for the management of chronic pain is virtually threadbare and search is on for the ideal pain-killer. Is there anything natural that is not only effective but safe as well? Many herbs have the propensity to relieve pain while leaving the body intact! Some of these herbs include:

1. White Willow (Salix sp): The bark of this stately white willow has been used for centuries in China to relieve pain and lower fevers. The active ingredient is Salicin which the body converts to Salicylic acid. Thus the white willow is often called as the “herbal aspirin”. At a cellular level the white willow helps lower the levels of Prostaglandins (a powerful chemical released at sites of pain and inflammation) and thus reduces pain and inflammation. People with arthritis who have used the bark of white willow have reported dramatic changes in pain intensity and also improved mobility after few weeks of use.

2. Lobelia inflata: Lobelia is a very powerful muscle relaxant and is rich in Vitamin A, C and Manganese. Lobeline, an active ingredient, stimulates the nervous system. Lobelia has helped treat mild depression, calm frayed nerves, ease muscle tension and reduce pain and inflammation.

3. Boswellia serrata: Also known as Indian Frankincense, the gummy resin of its bark called as salaai guggal has been known from centuries to help fight pain and inflammation. Boswellia is known to block the entry of inflammatory cells to the sites of inflammation, improve blood flow to sites of inflammation and block the pre-inflammatory chemicals. Boswellia has proven its merits in the management of pain in conditions like arthritis, in reducing inflammatory process in Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Boswellia can be used both orally and also topically over the sites of pain and inflammation.

A combination of the white willow, Lobelia and Boswellia would be an ideal pain-killer that has the same efficacy (but without the potentially lethal side effects) as conventional pain-killers.

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Drug treatment is usually the preferred “traditional” method of managing arthritis. Considerations need to be made regarding each person’s individual reactions to side effects and contraindications of various arthritis drugs. With this in mind, acquiring knowledge of the many arthritis drugs available, and working with your doctor to find the most complimentary combination of medications possible can help you make an informed decision.

NSAIDs / COX-2 Inhibitors

Of all arthritis medications, NSAIDs (non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs) are one of the most popular and widely prescribed. Three types of NSAIDS include:

salicylates – acetylated drugs (aspirin), non-acetylated ones like salsalate (Disalcid), choline magnesium trisalicylate (Trilisate), and magnesium salicylate (Doan’s Pills, Novasal).
traditional NSAIDs
Cox-2 selective inhibitors
NSAIDs function by impeding cyclooxygenase (a COX enzyme) activity. COX enzymes like COX-1, which keep tissues healthy and COX-2, which have to do with inflammation pathways, are both affected by NSAIDs. Research undertaken in the development of NSAIDs has also led to the discovery of COX-2 selective inhibitors.

The Most Commonly Used NSAIDs Include:

Ansaid (Flurbiprofen)
Arthrotec (Diclofenac/Misoprostol)
Cataflam (Diclofenac potassium)
Clinoril (Sulindac)
Daypro (Oxaprozin)
Dolobid (Diflunisal)
Feldene (Piroxicam)
Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)
Indocin (Indomethacin)
Ketoprofen (Orudis, Oruvail)
Lodine (Etodolac)
Meclomen (Meclofenamate)
Mobic (Meloxicam)
Nalfon (Fenoprofen)
Naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve)
Ponstel (Mefanamic Acid)
Relafen (Nabumetone)
Tolectin (Tolmetin)
Voltaren (Dicolfenac Sodium)

COX-2 Selective Inhibitors include:

Celebrex (Celecoxib)
Vioxx (Rofecoxib) – pulled out of the market
Bextra (Valdecoxib) – pulled out of the market

DMARDs

A class of “slow-acting anti-rheumatic drugs” are referred to as DMARDS (Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs). These type of medications, also known as ‘second-line agents”, take several weeks and sometimes even months, for their healing effects to take hold. Despite the length of treatment, research has evidence that DMARDs are effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, particularly when the diseases are diagnosed in its early stages. DMARDS has been known to halt the development of arthritis and arrest joint impairment.

There are several kinds of DMARDs:

Arava (Leflunomide)
Auranofin (Ridaura, Oral Gold)
Azulfidine (Sulfasalazine)
Mycophenolate (CellCept).0
Myochrysine (Injectable Gold)
Cyclosporine (Neoral,Sandimmune)
Cytoxan (Cyclophosphamide)
Imuran (Azathioprine)
Leukeran (Chlorambucil)
Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall)
Minocin (Minocycline)
Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen)
Plaquenil (Hydroxychloroquine)

Corticosteroids (Steroids)

For fast acting swelling and inflammation relief, powerful steroids like corticosteroids or glucocorticoids are often used. Closely mimicking the behaviour of cortisol, a hormone secreted at the cortex of adrenal glands, steroid dosage is prescribed based on the type of rheumatoid condition and treatment objective.

Steroids keep joint and organ inflammation in check, particularly with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, polymyalgia rheumatica and vasculitis. Unfortunately, because of its potency, long term steroid use can cause grave side effects, especially in high dosages. Administering corticosteroids like Triamcinolone (Kenalog) for a limited period of time, intravenously or via injections, can precipitate relief from chronic joint symptoms.

Some Corticosteroids Medications:

Betamethasone (Celestone)
Cortisone (Cortone)
Dexamethasone (Decadron)
Hydrocortisone (Cortef)
Methylprednisolone (Medrol)
Prednisolone (Prelone)
Prednisone (Deltasone)

Analgesics – The Painkillers

Pain is a controlling factor in arthritis. Alleviating pain symptoms play a vital role in the management of the disease. To achieve this, analgesics like Acetaminophen (Tylenol) are prescribed as painkillers. For the relief of severe pain, doctors prescribe stronger narcotic analgesic drugs. Analgesics can help control pain, however they cannot rid joints of arthritic inflammation.

Different Narcotic Drugs For Severe Pain:

Codeine (Tylenol#3)
Darvocet (Propoxyphene/Acetaminophen)
Darvon (Propoxyphene)
Duragesic (Fentanyl Skin Patch)
Hydromorphone (Palladone)(no longer on market)
Morphine Sulphate (MS Contin)
Oxycodone (OxyContin)
Percocet (Oxycodone/Acetaminophen)
Percodan ( Oxycodone/ Aspirin)
Talwin NX (Pentazocine/Naloxone)
Ultracet (Tramadol/Acetaminophen)
Ultram (Tramadol)
Vicodin (Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen)

Biologics: Biologic Response Modifiers (BRMs)

When the body’s immune system is impaired in some way, the ability to combat disease or infection is aversely affected. Biologic Response Modifiers, or BRMs can invigorate and re-establish the body’s immunity response. BMRs are naturally derived from living organisms, not manufactured in laboratories. Some of the most common and widely used BMR drugs and their functions include:

Enbrel (etanercept), Remicade (infliximab) and Humira (adalimumab) – intercept TNF-alpha, one of the most prevalent cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. These BMRs act to constrain TNF-alpa, reduce inflammation and minimize joint impairment.
Kineret (anakinra) – an IL-1 antagonist and selective blocker, which can be used singly or combined with other DMARDs. This BMR works against an excess of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a protein prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis. This action slows inflammation and pain symptoms.
Orencia (abatacept) – the first T-cell co-stimulation modulator recommended for the management of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.
Rituxan – considered the world’s most popular drug in the treatment of cancer, Rituxan selectively works against CD20-positive B-cells. This medication was approved by the FDA in early 2006, and administered with methotrexate to inhibit symptoms of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis in adults. Rituxan is normally prescribed for arthritis sufferers exhibiting negative symptom response from anti-TNF drug treatments.

Fibromyalgia Solutions

There are many medications used for the management of Fibromyalgia, although no drug specific to the condition has been approved by the FDA. At present, doctors prescribe related drug treatments to treat symptoms of the disease. It may be heartening to note, however, that drugs are currently being developed for the exclusive treatment of Fibromyalgia.

Gout Treatment

Considered to be among the most severely painful forms of arthritis, Gout treatment involves proper medication and a regulated diet. People suffering from this disease require pain killers, anti-inflammatory agents,and drugs to correct the accompanying metabolic dysfunction that results in serious attacks of Gout due to excessive amounts of uric acid in the blood.

Drugs used for Gout:

Analgesics or painkillers – like Acetaminophen (Tylenol).
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like indomethacin (Indocin) – reduces inflammation.
Colchicine – averts and lessens incidences of Gout attacks.
Corticosteroids – fights against inflammation.
Probenecid (Benemid, Probalan) – lowers uric acid levels in the blood.
ColBenemid (Col-Probenecid and Proben-C) – relieves gout symptoms.
Allopurinol (Zyloprim) – reduces uric acid levels and inhibits its production.
Losartan (Cozaar, Hyzaar) – although not a gout drug, it is antihypertensive in nature and works to contain uric acid levels
Fenofibrate (Tricor) – also not a gout drug but acts to reduce lipids to aid in lowering uric acid levels.

Osteoporosis Medication

Osteroporosis is characterized by frail and brittle bones, especially in older people. However, it may also strike long-term users of corticosteroids. To treat this disease, various drug regimens may be prescribed, including estrogens, parathyroid hormones, bone formation agents, bisphosphonates, and selective receptor molecules. These medications can allay bone degeneration, assist in bone growth, and lower the risks of fractures.

Osteoporosis drugs include:

Actonel (Risedronate)
Boniva (Ibandronate)
Didronel (Etidronate)
Estrogens (Hormone Therapy)
Evista (Raloxifene)
Forteo (Teriparatide)
Fosamax (Alendronate)
Miacalcin (Calcitonin)

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When discussing pain reliever for dogs, the type and amount will vary depending on how severe the pain is, and whether it is chronic or acute pain. For any condition you believe might be causing pain in your dog, getting them on the proper pain medication is important.

Pain that is acute usually results because of an injury or some type of trauma. Chronic pain is pain that keeps on after an injury has healed, and is ongoing. This can be things like arthritis or other chronic conditions.

Pet pain is often remembered by the body in dogs long after the pain has ended. This means that things that have caused pain in the past have the potential to cause worse pain the next time the same thing occurs. By trying to lower the amounts of pain that have been remembered, pain reliever for dogs can work better and give the dog a better overall quality of life and pain management success.

When dealing with pain that is acute, the best thing to do is to start pain medication before the pain has a chance to start. This can enable lower amounts of pain reliever to stop the pain, and many times the pain reliever for dogs isn’t needed to be taken for as long. This is great for things where we known pain will happen, like after surgery, but doesn’t really work well for acute pain from trauma. Often, when pet pain occurs suddenly, it takes a greater amount of medication to get the pain under control.

Pet pain relief options are widely varied. One popular drug class used to give dogs relief are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. If giving aspirin, it is recommended to give 10 mg for each pound of body weight about every twelve hours. Ibuprofen isn’t advised for use in dogs or cats, due to the high risk of gastric ulcers. If you have given it is the past, don’t be overly concerned, just switch pain relievers.

Ketoprofen can be given to dogs, and the recommended dosage is 1mg/kg once a day. It is suggested that it be used only for up to five days at a time, but if it is needed longer, the dosage should be halved.

Although not allowed in the United States, Tolfenamic acid can be used for pet pain relief but follows an odd dosing schedule that must be followed. Doses are given for three days, and then not again for four more days, and is usually about 4mg or lower for the first three days.

Piroxicam is another NSAID but is shown to cause extreme gastrointestinal ulcers, so it is often used to shrink certain forms of cancer, and also appears to help with bladder inflammation that comes from chronic cystitis, instead of used as a pain reliever. Dosage given is 0.3 mg/kg every other day.

Tepoxalin is given as 10mg daily. They are used to suppress Cox 1 and 2 systems. They seem to work well, but are fairly new to the market.

Since there are so many different kinds of pain reliever for dogs, your vet will be able to tell you which one is best for use in your dog’s individual situation, as well as discuss the risks and benefits of their use.

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Piroxicam: Webster’s Timeline History, 1978 – 2007 : Webster’s bibliographic and event-based timelines are comprehensive in scope, covering virtually all topics, geographic locations and people. They do so from a linguistic point of view, and in the case of this book, the focus is on “Piroxicam,” including when used in literature (e.g. all authors that might have Piroxicam in their name). As such, this book represents the largest compilation of timeline events associated with Piroxicam when it is used in proper noun form. Webster’s timelines cover bibliographic citations, patented inventions, as well as non-conventional and alternative meanings which capture ambiguities in usage. These furthermore cover all parts of speech (possessive, institutional usage, geographic usage) and contexts, including pop culture, the arts, social sciences (linguistics, history, geography, economics, sociology, political science), business, computer science, literature, law, medicine, psychology, mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology and other physical sciences. This “data dump” results in a comprehensive set of entries for a bibliographic and/or event-based timeline on the proper name Piroxicam, since editorial decisions to include or exclude events is purely a linguistic process. The resulting entries are used under license or with permission, used under “fair use” conditions, used in agreement with the original authors, or are in the public domain.
Piroxicam: Webster’s Timeline History, 1978 – 2007

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Thimerosal is a light-colored crystalline powder (trade name Merthiolate) that is primarily used as a surgical antiseptic. It is a mercury based compound which can also be found in your personal care products, make up, and childhood vaccines. Because this is found in childhood vaccines, doctors have recommended that autistic children and their siblings not get vaccinated because Thimerosal can yield bad reactions. Yet, with Thimerosal also being found in numerous personal care products that you find in your local stores, you must stop to wonder what is this product doing to adults? First, it is important to understand that Thimerosal’s only role within these products is to serve as a preservative. Your child also has contact with these products. For this reason, parents of children who have Autistm, AD(H)D or any other disability, really need to know more information about Thimerosal and I plan on sharing with you all that I know.

Thimerosal is known widely as a first-aid product available for home use. It is also used as a preservative in cosmetics, including makeup removers, eye moisturizers, and mascaras. Some other places in which Thimerosal may be found include: soap-free cleansers; nose, eye, and ear drops; eye ointments; topical medications; and antiseptic sprays. It is also found in cleaning fluids that are used for contact lenses. Thimerosal is also used widely as a preservative in vaccines, antitoxins, tuberculin tests, and desensitization solutions.

If you want to avoice Thimerosal, here are some products that are free of it:

Bausch & LombAr Dry Eye Therapy HypotearsAr PF

MurineAr Lubricating Eyedrops

Refresh Plus

RenuAr Enzymatic Cleaner

Opti-OneAr Rewetting Drops

Bausch & LombAr Sensitive Eyes Sterile Saline Spray

ReNuAr Multi-Purpose Solution

AfrinAr Nasal Spray and Drops

All of the AlmayAr products

L’OrealAr Voluminous Mascara

Since Thimerosal is commonly found in cosmetics, eye, ear, nose preparations; and topical medications, it is important to use only ingredient-labeled products that do not list Thimerosal or any of its synonyms on the label. You also need to inform your healthcare providers that you’re allergic to Thimerosal so that they can provide you with preparations that do not contain Thimerosal. Some such vaccines include the influenza vaccine, and many heat-killed or recombinant vaccines. If you really must get such a vaccine, you should take it in your muscle since patients generally will not react to thimerosal when it is given in this way. However, you are still risking dermatitis (inflammation of the skin) which is not life threatening, so you may wish to discuss with your physician the risks versus benefits of being vaccinated with Thimerosal-containing vaccines for which there are no alternatives. Of course these are only some general guidelines for avoiding this particular allergen in your daily activities. You really should discuss this issue with your physician.

Thimerosal is also known by these synonyms: MercurochromeAr Merzonin; MerthiolateAr Mertorgan; Sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate Ethyl (2-mercaptobenzoato-S) mercury

sodium salt; Mercurothiolate Merfamin; Thiomersalate Thiomersal; and Thiomersalan [(o-carboxyphenyl)thio] Ethylmercury sodium salt.

While this is not a comprehensive list, you can find Thimerosal in many products including: Antibiotics for the Eye; CortisporinAr Ophthalmic Suspension; NeosporinAr Ophthalmic Solution; Nasal Preparations; Nasal MoistAr AF Neo-SynephrineAr Pediatric Formula, Mild Formula,

Regular Strength, and Extra Strength Nasal Spray; Ear Preparations; Coly-mycinAr S Otic CortisporinAr Otic Suspension; PedioticAr Suspension; Cosmetics; StagelightAr Mascara; Vaccines; Hep-B-GammageeAr Recombivax HBAr; Hyper-TetAr Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids; Influenza (live virus vaccines) may or may not contain Thimerosal.

Now, if you react to Thimerosal, you should know that you may also react to these other substances: Other organic mercury compounds (ie metallic mercury, as in dental fillings) and Piroxicam (FeldeneAr)

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