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Infusions of this native perennial herb were widely used in past centuries to treat influenza (flu), then known as “breakbone fever” because of its debilitating effects – hence the common name boneset. White settlers on the continent learned of its uses very early from Native Americans.

Mithridates Eupator (134-63 B.C.), Greek king of Pontus, inspired the genus name; he was the first person noted to have used a plant of this genus to treat liver complaints. Our plants continue to bring ancient history to life. The species name, perfoliatum, meaning “through the leaf,” reflects an interesting feature of this species: clasping leaves joined around the plant stem, which appears to pierce right through them.

Boneset is an erect, attractive herb growing from one to five feet tall. The unique opposite leaves are long, slender, spear-shaped blades that radiate north-south and east-west up the fuzzy stems. Atop the main stem, dense, flat-topped clusters of small white flowers bloom from July until October in many regions. This native of North America grows from Quebec to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas, and west into Minnesota, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. Other North American natives in this family of five hundred or more species of perennial herbs include white snakeroot, Eupatorium rugosum, and sweet joe-pye weed, E. purpureum along with Joe-pye weed or smoke weed, E. maculatum. Each of these species is fairly common in the eastern United States and adapts well to the garden. Many other species are native to tropical America.

Traditional uses:

Boneset is also known as wild sage, Indian sage, feverwort, thoroughwort, and agueweed. Indians must have had many different names for it, too, as various tribes used it to treat numerous common problems. They used the entire plant as

a tonic and stimulant, and the leaves and blossoms as emetics and to kill parasites.

A strong boneset tea served the Meskwaki Indians as a snakebite cure; the Seneca and Mohegans used it as a tonic. For many years, physicians used boneset tea as a substitute for quinine to treat fever. Zuni Indians in New Mexico use the related species E. occidentale to treat rheumatism and arthritis as well as other joint pains. Many American Indian tribes used boneset infusions to treat cold, flu, fever, rheumatism, and arthritic problems.

Modern uses:

Boneset shows valuable immune system stimulation. A hot infusion of boneset will relieve symptoms of the common cold and helps to reduce a fever. Boneset tea has been used as a tonic and laxative; it also relieves rheumatism, as well as some skin conditions. Boneset’s upper plant parts, principally blossoms, stems, and leaves, are the choice botanicals used medicinally. A bitter drink, boneset has antibiotic properties and is being explored for anticancer activities.

Cautions:

Boneset can be toxic if taken in excessive doses. It can be emetic and laxative in large doses and could be harmful to the liver.

Growth needs and propagation:

Boneset prefers moist, rich earth and open sun to partial shade. It will accommodate well to most garden situations. It is best propagated by cuttings and root divisions in late summer and fall. These can be started in a greenhouse or indoors and then moved outside into the garden. Many species in this family have been cultivated for show gardens, especially the lovely ageratums and stevia, the Mexican sweet herb.

Companions:

Boneset grows well with cardinal flower, maidenhair fern, sweet flag, goldthread, hepatica, and Indian turnip. It will also accompany elderberry, hellebore, and angelica in the medicine wheel garden.

There is probably no plant in American domestic practice that has more extensive or frequent use than this. The attic, or woodshed, of almost every country farmhouse has its bunch of dried herbs hanging, tops downward from the rafters during the whole year, ready for immediate use should some member of the family, or that of a neighbor, be taken with a cold.

- Charles Milispaugh, author of American Medicinal Plants, 1892

Boneset AND Eupatorium perfoliatum is one of the best remedies for the relief of symptoms associated with flu – relieves fevers, catarrh, aches, and pains.

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In 1987, the Supreme Court ruled in California vs. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians that tribal governments had the rights to establish gaming operations independent of state regulation. The very next year, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, which worked towards developing a manageable framework for Indian Gaming.

While authority over Class II gaming was left to the tribes, Class III gaming required a compact between the tribe and the state. In Oklahoma, the Indian tribes regulate both Class II and Class III, although they are still subject to the provisions set out in the IGRA.

So what’s the difference between Class II and Class III? Class II games are generally defined as bingo, lotto, pull tab, and punch board games. Class III includes electronic bingo games, non-house banked card games, and electronic amusement games.

This legal decision was very important and had an immediate impact on the Indian tribes throughout the Unites States. One of the states where it made the biggest impact was in Oklahoma. From Bristow to Stringtown, Lone Grove to Seminole, tribal leaders began developing strategies to make use of this ruling for the betterment of their people.

Under this federal law, gambling can only be conducted on “Indian Land.” According to federal law, “Indian Land” is defined as:

a. Land which is a part of a federally-recognized Indian reservation, or

b. Not located on a reservation, but held in trust by the federal government for an Indian tribe.

In Oklahoma, these gaming compacts are in effect until their date on January 1st, 2020. If, however, the tribes and state both agreed to do so, the compact could be terminated at any time before then.

As for the proceeds collected from these gambling operations, the IGRA requires the net revenues to be used for the following purposes:

a. To help fund operations of local government agencies.

b. To donate to charitable organizations.

c. To promote economic development within the tribe.

d. To provide for the welfare of the Indian tribe and its members.

e. To fund tribal government operations.

The tribe can also distribute net revenue to members of the tribe in the form of a per capita payment. To do so, the tribe must have a RAP (Revenue Allocation Plan), which must be approved by the Secretary of the Interior.

According to the Federal Register, the following 32 tribes have entered into gaming compacts with the State of Oklahoma: Absentee Shawnee Tribe, Apache Tribe, Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes, Chickasaw Nation, Choctaw Nation, Comanche Nation, Delaware Nation, Eastern Shawnee Tribe, Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, Kaw Nation of Oklahoma, Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma, Miami Nation, Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma, Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Osage Nation, Otoe-Missouria Tribe, Ottawa Tribe, Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, Peoria Tribe of Oklahoma, Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma, Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma, Sac & Fox Nation, Seminole Nation, Seneca-Cayuga Tribes of Oklahoma, Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Tonkawa Tribe, Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, and the Wyandotte Nation.

Bristow, OK Bingo
Stringtown, Oklahoma Bingo
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Recent years have seen a hefty rise in cigarette prices. The major reason is the heavy tax imposed on cigarettes by various states in the US. Another reason for the rising price is the series of multibillion dollar suits filed against tobacco manufacturers. Most smokers find discount cigarettes an easy to avoid the impact of taxes.

Online discount cigarettes has become a catchphrase among the patrons of premium brands such as Marlboro, Newport, Doral, Parliament, Camel and Barclay. With the advent of discount cigarettes, one can now enjoy their favorite brand at a much lower cost. Websites displaying the “discount cigarettes online” tag offer a variety of premium and generic cigarette brands at heavily discounted prices, owing to the tax exemption that online sales enjoy. However, “discount cigarettes online” websites desist from supplying cigarettes to some states because of the strict laws that have been applied to online sales.

Online retailers who advertise “discount cigarettes online” generally operate from states that impose lower taxes on cigarettes. They can afford to supply the goods at much lower prices. Businessmen located in reserved Indian lands, where federal tax laws do not apply, also manage “Discount cigarettes online” websites. A large portion of the online sales originate from Indian reserved lands, especially the Seneca lands. A recent study indicates sales from Seneca lands amount to almost $300 million a year.

Websites sporting the “Discount Cigarettes Online” title usually contain a note ensuring complete security of the buyer’s personal information. Most buyers are apprehensive of the possibility of federal or state agencies tracking them down to pay taxes. However, in most cases, local taxes do not apply to online sales. Moreover, the cigarettes ordered through a website are usually delivered through mail, which attracts no tax.

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