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The Following Blog Post is from Associated Content and brought to you by kosmodisk

It always amazes me how far technology can come in such a short time. If you look back twenty years ago we didn't have half the stuff out on the market that we do now and even ten years ago half the stuff we have now wasn't even thought up, nor was the necessity of it envisioned. Technology can help us cook or it can help us to save a life or protect others. That's why the piece of technology I will be discussing could change the ability of law enforcement to protect its citizens as well as the person committing the crimes.

Today's law enforcement are getting more and more tools at their disposal and they are even getting improvements on old instruments. One certain improvement on an old system comes with the implementation of a new and revolutionary device called a Taser XREP wireless round or Extended Range Electronic Projectile for the full name. As the name implies this device takes the old taser system that was offered to law enforcement and improves it by allowing it to be used in a weapon that will both increase its accuracy of delivery as well as its range. This not only allows law enforcement to have a better tool at their disposal, but also allows them to defuse situations where before it would require the use of a real gun to get the situation under control.

Now, this all sounds well and good, but like any new piece of technology we need to understand how it works. The simple and straight forward answer here is that this taser is shaped and travels like a bullet. A normal taser can be problematic in that it can only reach about thirty feet, while the current technology of the Taser XREP wireless round and its twelve gauge shotgun launcher can reach up to over one hundred feet. The other major problem with a regular taser is that it sends out far too many volts of electricity to do the job that it is intended to do. The XPER doesn't have this problem, because it provides enough force to penetrate clothing and sends about five hundred volts through the pierced skin, allowing for the individual to have muscle spasm and the desired effect without the added voltage.

It is important to understand how this device works, because it also allows you to begin to understand why it is so important. The old taser system was unreliable and could cause death and added harm when not used properly by law enforcement. In this instance they have allowed for a localized small voltage that renders the nervous system inoperable for a short amount of time allowing law enforcement to disarm an individual at a farther distance then before, allowing law enforcement to shy away from other methods that would be more deadly in more and more situations. With power coming directly from batteries, this device will become not only highly portable, but also will become more and more practical and less and less expensive as time goes on.

Through knowing people in law enforcement today as well as having talked with people who have concerns over non lethal weapons, this new piece of technology appears to be the step in the right direction for most people. The main thing that cops always seem to worry about is that the taser they are using could, instead of protecting the individual from harming themselves or others, ultimately kill them. With this new device these cops will no longer have to worry about whether their unit could cause a heart attack of a suspect or worse, because the voltage is the same and consistent every single time. This device allows law enforcement to now accomplish their goal of rendering a suspect to disarm them while ensuring that they don't receive too much voltage.

Sources Used

http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-03/shock-bullet

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Thanks to cosmodisk for bringing the following blog post

Every new parent is always sleep deprived, so I was happy to find out that I had been given some Johnson's Bedtime Lotion for my baby shower. I was having trouble getting my daughter to sleep, and the back of the bottle claimed that the “aromas helped soothe baby to sleep.” The key ingredients in the entire line of Johnson's Bedtime products are lavender and chamomile, which have calming effects. All of the products are hypoallergenic and “clinically proven mild”, but just like any product you should try them out on your baby to make sure she does not have an allergic reaction. The different products in the Johnson's Bedtime line include the aforementioned Lotion, Bedtime Cream, Bedtime Bath, Bedtime Cream Wash, Baby Shampoo, and Baby Powder.

After I used the Johnson's Bedtime Lotion on my daughter for the first time, I was surprised at how the product actually calmed her down! I massaged the product into her skin and it released a beautiful aroma of lavender, which seemed to have an almost immediate calming effect on her. It set her up for a great night of sleep- and she slept all through the night! I'm not saying that Johnson's Bedtime Lotion is a miracle product or anything, but it sure did help my baby fall asleep! The next night I tried the Bedtime Bath, which I had also received for my Baby Shower.

The Bedtime bath was only moderately bubbly, which is actually good for a baby. I had not heard of bubble baths for babies before, and I was actually really surprised that Johnson's made some! My daughter really seemed to enjoy the bubbles. The Johnson's Bedtime Bath released the same wonderful odor as the Bedtime Lotion, and it lasted all through the night! When my daughter splashed some of the water up into her face, I was surprised that she didn't cry! The Bedtime Bath truly is a no tears formula!

I also tried the Johnson's Lavender Baby Shampoo. The shampoo had a great lavender scent which stayed in my daughter's hair all night long. It calmed her easily just like the rest of the Johnson's Bedtime products, and it truly was a no tears product!

Although I have not tried the Bedtime Cream, Bedtime Cream Wash, or Baby Powder I am sure they are just as great as the rest of the Johnson's Bedtime line! The products really do help calm your baby down for a great night of sleep. The only caution I have is not to use all of these products at once. For example don't use the bath, the shampoo, and the lotion all on one night. When I tried this the smell was too strong for my daughter and it made her quite fussy. Although these products are hypoallergenic I also probably wouldn't use them on a baby under 4 months old because of the strong smells.

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The Following blog post is brought to you by akoya incisi

With the busy schedules of today's moms and dads, it's hard to make time for classes. If you're expecting a baby however, you may be interested in baby care classes. When you can't make baby care courses fit into your schedule, online classes may be the answer.

MomsonCall
If you don't have time for baby care classes outside the home, momsoncall can help. This website, founded by two pediatric nurses, offers online courses for expectant parents and new parents. They offer courses for three stages of baby's life–newborn (0-3 months), baby (3-12 months), and toddler. Covering topics such as baby sleep habits, scheduling, and soothing, momsoncall's baby care courses may be just what you're looking for. Save money by purchasing the classes in a bundle of three. Courses are provided by and recommended by the American Pediatric Council, Inc.

ClassesOnline4U
Another interesting option for new parents is ClassesOnline4U. Geared towards the childcare provider, the classes offered by ClassesOnline4U can be helpful for new parents, too. With baby care courses in basic child development, coping with a crying baby, and sign language for infants, all for between $10-30, these classes may offer just what new parents are looking for. In addition, if you enjoy the baby care classes you take online with ClassesOnline4U, you may be interested in returning to them as your child grows and develops, and taking classes in general nutrition, playground or child safety, or preschool fitness. The wide range of available courses offered makes ClassesOnline4U a great choice for many parents and families.

Laugh & Learn
Offered online and in DVD form, the Laugh & Learn Series consists of three components–About Newborn Care, About Breastfeeding, and About Childbirth. Less expensive to watch online, the Laugh & Learn About Newborn Baby Care class and video offer parents tips about bathing, changing diapers, baby supplies, and more, and takes less than an hour. The About Childbirth video consists of a complete childbirth class on two DVDs, and lasts for 6 hours. Rounding at the series is the hour long online course or video on Breastfeeding, offering new parents tips on positions, burping, nighttime feedings, and more. Covering many of the basics from childbirth through caring for and feeding your newborn, Laugh & Learn is another option for busy parents interested in taking baby care classes on their own time.

If you are expecting a child, and can't seem to fit baby care classes into your increasingly busy schedule online baby care courses may be just the answer you're looking for. With a wide variety of topics covered and different options to choose from, getting your baby care tips online is another way to make your life easier.

Sources:
MomsonCall; http://www.momsoncall.com
ClassesOnline4U; http://www.classesonline4u.com/classListing.asp
Laugh & Learn; http://www.laughandlearn.com/page/classes-sheri

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This Blog Post is from Associated Content and brought to you by istiridye inci

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The Following Story is from Associated Content and brought to you by horkes

Do you snore? Does your snoring affect those sleeping near you? People like your spouse, kids, maybe even the neighbors down the street? Snoring affects millions of Americans. There have been many treatments tried and tested from nose strips that open your nostrils to pillows over the snorer's face. Just kidding…perhaps. Here are some ways to deal with your snoring.

Would you believe that karaoke can alleviate your snoring? Sing along to your radio as much as possible. Even if you may not be American Idol material, singing is a form of throat exercise. Singing tightens your soft palette which will put a lid on your snoring.

Singing negatively affects your spouse's health as well. While you slumber peacefully, your spouse has to deal with disturbed sleep. Sleep is necessary to maintain good health and a sharp mind. Our bodies heal themselves while we are in deep sleep. Such sleep is nearly impossible to achieve when a snoring partner is waking the dead with their racket.

For your spouse's sake, consider sleeping in another room. If you consider sleeping as a form of together time remember that you are asleep and not really experiencing much togetherness in dreamland. If your snoring keeps your partner awake night after night, they may even resent you for it, even though you have no control over your snoring. Sleeping separately will make the both of you happier in the long run.

Sleep on your side. A lot of snoring is caused by compressing your throat when your lay on your back. Imagine a garden hose being bent. Pressure builds up and all sorts of gargled sounds escape. Your throat is no different. If you toss and turn all night, put some pillows behind you while you are on your side. This should keep you in a sideways position and help keep your snoring at bay.

The most ridiculous snoring remedy that I have ever seen are those sticky little nose strips that supposedly hold your nostrils open wider while you sleep. Give me a break! Snoring comes from your throat, not your nose. Wider nostrils only allow you to suck in more air. All the more to snore out of your chest! I hope the genius who invented these snore away strips is being sued for millions!

If all else fails, go to your doctor! You don't pay thousands of dollars in insurance money for nothing. There's not a whole lot you can do for snoring, otherwise snoring would be cured by now. Don't give up the fight against snoring. At least not until your doctor hands you some nasal strips…

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The Following Story is from Associated Content and brought to you by dazer 2

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The Following blog post is brought to you by fare kovucu

Sunscreen acts as a shield protecting the skin from harsh sunlight, combined with bug repellent being outside is more enjoyable than ever. Sunscreen is placed on your body the way you might put on an overcoat to protect you from the waves of the sun. With this same sunscreen you can receive protection from the mean bite of mosquitoes. You can find many of these brands that are waterproof as well. There are a number of products on the market that contain sunscreen with bug repellent.

Coppertone has a brand of sunscreen repellent. The company has been in the skin caring business for a very long time, the name Coppertone is synonymous with caring for the skin, the Coppertone brand of repellent is $10.21. The Coppertone rand is synonymous with beach activities and the sun. Coppertone also has a SPF 30 sunscreen that is water proof its price $13.49.

Avon 101 is a sunscreen bug repellent; the Skin So Soft product was recommended by a number of people for many years for being an insect repellent, long before it was official. The product has been used for this purpose and is just as effective as a sunscreen product. Avon's Skin So Soft sunscreen bug repellent can be purchased from any Avon representative, and is on sale now 2 for $14.

Buzz away water proof SPF 15 sunscreen is a wonderful find for eco-friendly sunscreen users. This sunscreen and bug repellent has no chemicals and does the job of taking care of biting insects. It is on sale at Drugstore.com or $8.79.

Hand free sunscreen Sun Bug Repellent is a great idea nothing on your hand just use the applicator. The SPF 30 is just right for really hot sun and its only $9.95. This is really a good way to put sun screen on.

Dymon 91501 Insect Repellent Sunscreen gets rave reviews the cost is $96.71 it is a convenient towel on sunscreen that works wonderfully. The product is distributed by Drillspot.com.

Itching from mosquito bites or burning from the hot sun is certainly no fun when you are trying to enjoy the outdoors. As a matter of fact this can be extremely discouraging, so to be able to get a sunscreen and a bug repellent in one is what you want to purchase. Knowing that you have a reliable sunscreen on gives you added confidence when it comes to any outdoor event.

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The Following Story is brought to you by kedi kovucu

There are many uses and advantages to using solar lighting around your home. They can add adequate lighting to a dark area of the yard or just add decorative lighting to your home. The main advantage to solar lights is that no matter what application you use them for you do not have to go through the hassle of running electric to them. One way that you can use solar lights is as accent lighting around your home. Many people put them along sidewalks and driveways. They can also be used along pathways, or to light your flower garden if you like.

You can hang solar lanterns anywhere around your home to add a touch of light to any location. The difference between a lantern and a regular solar light is that the lantern will come with a pole of some sort and is hung from the pole. Normal solar lights come with stakes that are pushed into the ground. Another option that is new to the market are solar lights with motion sensors. These lights will only come on when motion is detected. They were designed for security purposes. The ease of installation allows them to be installed in areas of your property where installing electric lights would be difficult to do, but the lights can be used in other areas for other purposes.

You can purchase a solar spotlight that will allow you to light a certain object. You can cast illumination on a flag, tree, bush, or flower bed to show it off after dark. A spot light can be mounted high or low so that you can have different effects. If you want to illuminate a larger area, you can purchase solar floodlights. Floodlights are much like the spotlights but they light a much wider area. They will illuminate and entire flower garden or porch if you desire. If you live in the country or in an area that is not well lit you can buy a solar sign. You can install a solar sign at the end of your driveway with your house number on it so that guest can find your house with ease. Another solar light that is relatively new to the market are waterproof lights. People are putting these lights in pools and ponds so that they have a dramatic moving light show at all times. They also make solar rope lights that are great for decorating decks and patios. These are just a few ideas for the use of solar lights around your home. Have fun with solar lights and use your imagination and you can come up with your own unique solar light display.

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The Following Story is brought to you by solar lamba

Are you in the process of training your dog? Or would you like to begin training your dog to obey commands, greet people nicely, and not pull his or her leash when you walk together? If so, you may want to try some of these dog training products.

Easy Walk Harness: The Easy Walk Harness is one of the best dog training supplies to effectively train your dog how to walk on a leash without pulling it. The harness contains a metal ring that sits on the chest of your dog and guides him or her gently back to you when he or she begins to pull the leash. Additionally, the harness prevents pressure against your dog's neck and throat.

You can purchase the Easy Walk Harness from the Pet Expertise website for approximately $20. You can pick the size and colors of the harness as well.

Pet Safe UltraLight Sonic Bark Control Trainer: The Pet Safe UltraLight Sonic Bark Control Trainer is another dog training product you may want to consider using with your companion. This bark control collar teaches your dog not to bark when you don't want him or her to make a lot of noise, such as at night when you are trying to sleep. Unlike most bark control collars, this collar does not use shocks to teach your dog not to bark. Instead, when your dog barks, an unpleasant, yet completely harmless tone is emitted from the collar. Your dog will learn when he or she should stay quiet and when it is okay to speak.

Additionally, this collar is lightweight, weighing only one ounce. You can adjust the collar to respond to your dog's bark so that it does not emit the tone in response to other sounds as well. You can purchase the Pet Safe UltraLight Sonic Bark Control Trainer at the Dog Supplies website for approximately $40.

Pet Safe Outdoor Bark Control: The Pet Safe Outdoor Bark Control is another dog training product that will teach your dog not to bark when he is outdoors. This product is in the shape of a little doghouse and emits an unpleasant ultrasonic sound when your dog (or your neighbor's dog) barks. The sound emitted from this product is unpleasant, but does not harm your dog in any way. The Pet Safe Outdoor Bark Control can pick up barks from 60 feet away and respond to them. In addition, this product is waterproof, has a LED display to tell you when the battery is running low, and has four levels of control.

You may purchase the Pet Safe Outdoor Control from the Dog Supplies website as well. This product sells for approximately $70.

Bitter Apple: Bitter Apple spray is another one of the best dog training supplies on the market. Bitter Apple can be used to teach your dog not to chew on things you don't want him to chew on or are dangerous. Bitter Apple is safe for dogs, but has a very unpleasant taste to deter your dog from chewing or biting things. You can spray this product on electrical cords, furniture, and anything else you don't want your dog chewing. You can purchase Bitter Apple in pet supply stores, such as PetSmart and PetCo.

Manners Minder: The Manners Minder is another one of the great dog training products you can purchase to help train your companion. The Manners Minder allows you to reward your dog for obeying commands or for greeting people at the door nicely. A remote control with four buttons allows you to train different dogs at the same time. In addition, you can put kibbles of dog food or treats in the machine to reward your dog for good behavior. You can stand from 100 feet away with the remote and continue to operate the Manners Minder, even through walls, which makes it easy to train your dog from a distance.

You can purchase the Manners Minder from the AHIMSA Dog Training website for approximately $120. You will also need to purchase 4 D batteries to operate the machine.

Boundary Cat and Dog Repellent Granules: Boundary Dog and Cat Repellent Granules is another one of the best dog training supplies you can use with your beloved pet. Boundary is an outdoor dog and cat repellent you can use to train your dog not to go into certain areas, such as your flowerbeds, potted plants, and garden. Though Boundary has an ordinary scent to humans, dogs and cats find it really offense and won't go near it.

You may purchase Boundary from the Odor Destroyer website for approximately $11 per container.

Dog Whisperer DVD Volume 1: The Dog Whisperer DVD is another great dog training product you can use to teach your companion how to behave appropriately. The DVD provides owners with three simple steps on teaching your dog to: sit, stay, go to your spot, down, come, leave it, find it, and heel. The DVD also tells dog owners how to deal with jumping, stealing, chewing, pulling on the leash when walked, and barking. Finally, clicker training is also discussed on this dog training video.

You may purchase the Dog Whisperer DVD Volume 1 from the Dog Whisperer website for approximately $20.

Click-R: The Click-R is another one of the best dog training supplies on the market for teaching your companion. The Click-R is a hand-held clicker with a finger strap and a raised button, an ergonomic design meant for easy use. You can teach your dog to associate the click of the Click-R with the treat you are going to reward him with for good behavior. You can teach your dog obedience commands, good behavior, and agility training with this dog training product.

You may order a Click-R from the Good Dog Training Products website for approximately $3.50.

Dog Training Kit Plus: The Dog Training Kit Plus is yet another one of the greatest dog training products available for teaching your dog appropriate behaviors. This kit includes everything you'll need to begin clicker training with your companion. Specifically, the kit includes: an i-Click, sample of dog treats, an expanded version of the Getting Started Clicker Training for Dogs (approximately 100 pages in length), Click-a-Trick cards, and a Click Magic DVD by Karen Pryor.

You can purchase the Dog Training Kit Plus from Karen Pryor's Clicker Training website for approximately $40.

The Power of Positive Dog Training: The Power of Positive Dog Training by Pat Miller is one of the best dog training supplies you can use to effectively train your dog. This book offers dog owners information on how to train your dog using a clicker, treats, or other positive reinforcement rather than punishment. It also offers information on how to phase out the use of a clicker or treats to move on to advanced training. A glossary of training terms and a journal to track your dog's progress are also included in the book.

You can purchase The Power of Positive Dog Training by Pat Miller from Amazon for approximately $12.50. You can also order the book through your local bookstore.

If you are trying to train your dog or want to begin training your dog, try some of these dog training products in the process. They are sure to help you effectively train your dog to behave in an appropriate manner and strengthen the bond you share with your companion.

Sources:

Pet Expertise: Easy Walk Harness:

http://www.petexpertise.com/index.php?target=products&product_id=29836#petdesc

Dog Supplies: Pet Safe UltraLight Sonic Bark Collar Trainer:

http://www.dogsupplies.com/products/Pet-Safe-UltraLight-Sonic-Bark-Control-Trainer.html

Dog Supplies: Pet Safe Outdoor Bark Control:

http://www.dogsupplies.com/products/Pet-Safe-Outdoor-Bark-Control.html

AHIMSA Dog Training: Manners Minder:

http://ahimsadogtraining.com/store/manners-minder–treat-and-train.php

Odor Destroyer: Boundary Cat and Dog Repellent Granules:

http://www.odordestroyer.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=BDRYGRAN&Category_Code=DogRepellents&Product_Count=0

The Original Dog Whisperer and Friends: Dog Whisperer DVD Volume 1:

http://www.dogwhispererdvd.com/dog_training_dvd.shtml

Good Dog Training Products: Click-R:

http://www.gooddogtrainingproducts.com/store/1950399/product/PR-CLIK%20R

Clicker Training: Dog Training Kit Plus:

http://www.clickertraining.com/store/?item=clickerkits

Amazon: The Power of Positive Dog Training:

http://www.amazon.com/Power-Positive-Dog-Training/dp/0470241845/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241154119&sr=8-8

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The Following Blog Post is from Associated Content and brought to you by fix it pro

First the credit: This article reflects the influence of Margaret Bonham's Cat Owner's Problem Solver, which can be ordered online here. In a previous article I recommended The Cat Owner's Problem Solver to city dwellers who have to keep their cats indoors. While some of the psychological problems discussed in this book are caused by having to adjust to indoor life, and don't exist for outdoor cats, the book is worthwhile for people who live with outdoor cats too; it can help us identify disease symptoms we might otherwise overlook.

Next the apology: Despite readers' comments in favor of the “animal interview” format, I don't have enough clear data to write this article in that style. Some cats I've known, at the Cat Sanctuary (my country home) and elsewhere, have provided unmistakable behavioral reactions to scents…but not enough to let the cats provide all the information in this article.

Three kinds of natural scents have been shown to have pronounced effects on cat behavior: aromatic herbs, synthetic cat pheromones, and natural pheromones. Some cats also react to chemical scents, especially cleaning chemicals and insect repellents…which many cats hate enough to make them effective “cat repellents.”

Using Aromatic Herbs to Shape Cat Behavior

The best known herb in this category is catnip, Nepeta cataria. The generalization is that cats “like” this fragrant herb. Specific cats' reactions are more complex. Many cats seem to get “high” on catnip, and some seem to enter a hallucinatory trance after sniffing or chewing it. Like humans, cats react unpredictably to being “high”; the only catnip addict I've known, a neighbor's cat who used to visit, used to roll against catnip plants, then run up to bite the nearest human. Not all cats seem to want to trip out on catnip. Although catnip grows in my back yard, only two of all the Cat Sanctuary cats ever showed enough interest in it to transfer its distinctive fragrance to their fur.

Humans use catnip as a mild sedative. It doesn't seem to have a hallucinogenic or narcotic effect on us. It does seem to damage the human brain…about as much as beer does. In the absence of clear data about whether catnip damages the feline brain, I've not tried to encourage cats to take any interest in catnip. However, some humans have successfully used catnip as a reward to shape cat behavior.

A native plant that does interest many Cat Sanctuary residents is pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium, which is a natural insect repellent. Like catnip, pennyroyal has multiple effects. Its estrogen-like effects can be very strong, and pregnant females of all species are probably well advised not to use it. Cats seem to know when they can safely scent themselves with this herb.

Herbal flea treatments may consist of repellent scent alone, or repellent scent plus borax powder. The combination works. My cats hate the odor, but appreciate the effects. Fortunately, none of my cats is allergic to the herbs in the products I've tried. Allergic reactions to herbal scents aren't as bad as the neurological reactions some cats have had to chemical flea treatments, but caution is recommended.

Using Synthetic Cat Pheromones to Shape Cat Behavior

When cats rub their faces against walls, furniture, and your legs, they're marking places where they've felt comfortable with a pheromone scent that cats can smell but humans can't. This scent has been synthesized and bottled. Margaret Bonham has used it to help calm down nervous cats, reducing undesirable stress-related behavior. The Feliway non-aerosol spray product is recommended in several chapters of The Cat Owner's Problem Solver. It can be ordered online here.

Using Natural Pheromones to Shape Cat Behavior

If your cat is generally calm and contented, you may not need to buy synthetic pheromones to help your pet cope with changes. Contented cats distribute their own comfort-zone pheromones in places where they feel good. You might want to reduce the stress of unavoidable travel, such as routine vet visits, by encouraging your cat to rub its face against the carrier box you'll use and the jacket you'll wear during the trip.

Far from being claustrophobic, many cats are “claustrophilic” and feel safe in a snug enclosed place. That's why indoor cats may retreat behind your bed or sofa. Leaving the carrier box open will encourage your cat to think of the carrier box as one more snug, safe place to hide, snooze, or make up their minds about visitors. Then, instead of being frightened when placed in the carrier box in the car, the cat is likely to feel reassured that its familiar, comfortable carrier box is inside the less familiar, possibly frightening car.

The subtle pheromone scents of humans and other cats who belong in your cat's comfort zone can help expand the cat's comfort zone. “Subtle” is a key word here. Cats don't want or need the strong body odors that even humans notice as making things smell “soiled.” Cats may, like many humans, dislike heavy chemical fragrances found in soap, detergent, shampoo, etc. If you want to use your own pheromones to expand your cat's comfort zone, wash a shirt you've worn (and washed) before, without using detergent. Take a shower without using soap. Put on the shirt, and spend some quality time with your cat when both of you are feeling good. Half an hour should be enough time to give the shirt a very subtle feel-good scent, which only cats will notice. Now you can place this shirt inside a new carrier box, take it into a motel room or a new house, wear it while entertaining company, or give it to your cat to sleep on while you're away for a weekend. The cat will still feel stressed, but the shirt will bring back pleasant memories and help your cat cope.

Veterinary clinics and animal shelters tend to be full of feel-bad animal pheromones. The level of pheromones may be high enough that even humans feel distress in the atmosphere, behind what we can consciously smell, which is probably disinfectant. Cats react to these stress pheromones by curling up in the far corner of the carrier box, or clutching their familiar human with all their claws. It's not always possible, but it can be very effective, for people who work in these places to find a nice, friendly, neutered older cat who can stay in the clinic or shelter and exude soothing pheromones. I've become aware of this effect since my vet acquired Old Toby, a kindly cat grandpa who often sits on the counter and nonverbally “talks to” nervous cats while they wait for routine vaccinations. His calmness seems to prevail over their fears. Cats who might not welcome a new grandpa or grandma cat at their home seem more comfortable as they see that the clinic is Toby's home.

Cats' reactions to “dirty” personal odors vary, partly because they seem to smell more distinct odors beyond the “dirtiness.” A cat who is usually clean may defecate in the road to warn a rival cat, “I'm the boss and I don't want you hanging out here,” or signal a potential mate, “I'm coming into heat.” Indoor cats may urinate, defecate, or vomit on the floor for these reasons. As a human, you have to look for additional behavioral indications to know whether the cat is saying, “Don't bring that person here again,” or, “I don't know what's the matter, but I feel terrible…can you help?”

In any case, urine, feces, vomit, general dusty or dirty conditions, and the sooty-looking smoky-smelling black mold that grows rapidly where these things are present, generally smell at least as unpleasant to cats as they do to humans. Lingering traces of “dirty” odors can become powerful negative cues that trigger undesirable behavior. The cat may try to mask a “dirty” odor with the relatively clean odor of fresh cat urine, or may try to avoid the area or destroy the object that smells dirty. Don't just mask the odors with scented products. You need to scrub them away…and once black mold is visible, making it go away will involve repeated cleaning and, in many cases, replacing the moldy wood.

If you have an indoor cat and a carpet, chances are that you have black mold. One of the few good qualities this fungus can be said to have is that it grows slowly; I'm typing this article in an office from which I helped remove a mold-ruined carpet, four years ago, and found that the varnished hardwood floor under the carpet was clean. Other special features of Stachybotrys atra mold include a diabolical ability to survive and grow inside things you've scrubbed and disinfected a hundred times, and a baffling range of possible effects that may or may not occur as mold spores come into contact with different living bodies. This is the fungus species that's been nicknamed “toxic mold” because one rare possible effect is that the chemical interaction between Stachybotrys spores and some humans can produce genuinely toxic compounds. In most humans, even Stachybotrys produces only allergy-type reactions, although the range of possible reactions is wide and can include psychiatric symptoms. I've seen no studies of any specific effects mold has on cats; we don't know whether people with chronic allergies live with “crazy” cats, or even have to give up their cats, because the cats are reacting to mold, to their humans, or both. If you have a pet, a carpet, and allergies, you need to get rid of the carpet and thoroughly disinfect the room or rooms where the animal has been.

Cats' reactions to other cats' pheromones are also complex and variable. As regular readers know, I currently live with a family of unusually sociable, clever cats, whom I've allowed to breed because I think their genes need to be preserved and multiplied. It's been interesting to observe how the relationships among the family have shifted as the three sisters, who are basically close friends, have produced, nursed, and weaned kittens. All three sisters have taken turns caring for all of their kittens, who act more like siblings than like cousins. If a misunderstanding has occurred between two of these cats, or between one of them and a human, another sister has stepped forward as mediator. They kiss, groom, cuddle, and scent each other with feel-good pheromones almost every day.

Nevertheless, when one sister has weaned kittens and expressed interest in starting a new litter, the other two have forced her to eat separately from them, and whenever one has been in heat or in the early stages of pregnancy, she has avoided the others' kittens. Other cats' pheromones clearly affect each cat's breeding cycle, possibly compromising her reproductive success. So, because they are so close to each other most of the time, sex hormones make them act more hostile at certain times than cats who merely tolerate each other would be. Active sexuality complicates the relationships among cats enough that most people who own multiple cats will be well advised just to have all of them sterilized.

With sexually active male cats, things are simpler: they just don't like each other's company. As brothers who've been close reach puberty, they may just decide to go separate ways. Some males will fight over territory and females. Some males (my Mac is one of them) are less aggressive and will just walk away from places where they can see, hear, or smell that other males have been. If you want to live with two male cats, at least one of them will need to be neutered.

Even when sex is not complicating matters, it's hard to predict how cats will get along with each other. Mothers and their kittens, or litter mates, usually learn to coexist peaceably unless and until sexual issues arise. Some cat fathers, and some siblings from previous litters, actively help mothers bring up kittens; others attack the new kittens. Adult cats usually, but not always, accept kittens as housemates. Younger adult cats often, but not always, respect senior cats as housemates. (If you want to adopt a shelter cat who has been or will be neutered anyway, at least consider the ones who are over age ten; their grandma/grandpa pheromones may be more acceptable to younger cats than another young cat's pheromones would be.) Some cats, like OId Toby, or like the long-ago cat who gave me the idea of living in a Cat Sanctuary, are mellow, confident, and friendly enough to accept just about any animal companion. Others really don't want to share their home or their favorite human with any other animal.

If you want to introduce cats to each other as friends, a good first step is to let them become familiar with each other's pheromone scents. Before adopting a new cat, unless you are rescuing it from a shelter where its life is in danger, you'll probably visit it a few times to get acquainted. During these visits, the prospective new cat can smell your current cat's scent on you. If the prospective cat rubs its head against you, and your current cat smells the prospective cat's scent when you come home, and continues to rub against you, the cats are beginning to accept each other. Later, keeping one cat indoors and one outdoors, or one in each of two rooms or outbuildings, provides further time for the cats to make up their minds about each other. There will still be some dominance displays, which will probably include slaps, growls, and yelling, but eventually, after getting acquainted this way, the cats may bond. At least, if they accept each other's pheromones, they'll probably tolerate each other's company.

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